Effect of Climate Changes on Surviving of Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow

The climate is changing at a rate never seen before. Aquatic organisms are endangered throughout the world for various reasons, including global climate change. Changes in precipitation and temperature will dramatically affect the survival of many species. Plants play a key role in moderating climate change becausethey take up carbon dioxide (CO2). If plants are lost, the carbon (as CO2) will continue accumulating in our atmosphere and causes air temperature to rise, leading to ocean acidification. With climate changes, aquatic environments face increases in oceans salinity and sea level rise due to melting of the ice in the poles. These combined factors result in drastic world destruction. 

Organisms need specific conditions in order to survive. Scientists predict that these conditions will be altered when the global climate changes. A change insalinity and temperature could lead to death, migration, or poor health of the living organisms. The loss of aquatic environments will be a major disasterthat will take place because of previous changes

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Vanillin by Chromium(VI) in Sulfuric Acid Medium

Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound including aldehyde, hydroxyl and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Vanillin is a significant flavoring reagent in the industry of food and is widely used in the production of drugs. It has been also used as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. Furthermore, it is used in the synthesis of perfume and as a catalyst in various polymerization reactions. When the hydroxyl group in vanillin molecule is protected, vanillin is oxidized to vanillic acid. Kinetics of oxidation of vanillin has been studied previously in alkaline solutions by different reagents, as hexacyanoferrate(III), diperiodatoargentate(III), bismuth(V), diperiodatonickelate(IV) and periodate catalyzed by ruthenium(III), and in acid media by cerium(IV).

Oxidation reactions are very important in nature and in organic synthesis. Among the most important oxidants is chromium(VI) which may play a significant role in the chemistry of vanillin in the environment due to the mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of chromium. Chromium exists in both trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), species in aqueous solutions and the two oxidation states are identified by various physical/chemical behavior and toxicity. 

Chromium(VI) compounds are very dangerous for biological systems, but those of chromium(III) are relatively non-toxic. Chromium(VI) is employed for oxidation of organic compounds and it is reduced to lower oxidation states [9]. The chemistry of Cr(V) and Cr(IV) as intermediate species which may be formed during reduction of chromium(VI) were attracted many researchers because of their involvement in the mechanism of Cr–induced cancers