Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that
vascular calcification is inexorable pathological process leading to mechanical
rigidity and stiffness of vascular wall, endothelial dysfunction, development
and accelerating atherosclerosis even in the absence of established
cardiovascular (CV) disease.
Ectopic calcification is represented by several
mutually counteracting molecular mechanisms, i.e., oxidative stress,
microvascular inflammation, immune cell-to-cell cooperation, accumulation of
lipids and extracellular proteins, vascular reparative systems, and metabolic disorders.
All these processes are under tight regulation of vitamin D, parathyroid
hormone-related peptides (fibroblast growth factor, transcription factor Sox2,
betacatenin, etc.) and matricellular proteins such as osteopontin (OPN) and
phosphate.(Read more)
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