Benzamide is a carbonic acid amide of benzoic
acid. Amide is a group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 in
which a carbon atom is attached to oxygen in double bond and also attached to
an hydroxyl group, where ‘R’ groups range from hydrogen to various linear and
ring structures or a compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia such
as sodium amide, NaNH2- Amides are divided into subclasses according to the
number of substituents on nitrogen. The primary amide is formed by replacementof the carboxylic hydroxyl group by the NH2, amino group. An example is
acetamide (acetic acid+amide). Amide is obtained by reaction of an acid
chloride, acid anhydride, or ester with an amine.
Amides are named with adding
‘-ic acid’ or ‘-oic acid’ from the name of the parent carboxylic acid and
replacing it with the suffix ‘amide’. Amide can be formed from ammonia (NH3).
The secondary and tertiary amides are the compounds in which one or bothhydrogens in primacy amides are replaced by other groups. The names of
secondary and tertiary amides are denoted by the replaced groups with the
prefix capital N (meaning nitrogen) prior to the names of parent amides. Low
molecular weight amides are soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen
bonds. Primary amides have higher melting and boiling points than secondary and
tertiary amides.
Mitochondria generate cellular energy in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The
organelle contains a small genome that, in animals, encodes 13 essential
subunits of the respiratory chain complexes as well as all the rRNAs and tRNAs
necessary for their translation. The mitochondrial genome is more vulnerable tooxidative damage
and undergoes a higher rate of mutation than the nucleargenome. Otto
Warburg observed that tumor slices have elevated levels of glucose consumption
and lactate production in the presence of ample oxygen (termed the Warburg
effect). He later postulated that cancer originates from irreversible injury to
respiration followed by an increase in glycolysis to replace ATP loss due to
defective oxidative phosphorylation.
According to Warburg, this metabolic shift from oxidative
phosphorylation to glycolysis converts differentiated cells into
undifferentiated cells that proliferate as cancer cells. Although the
observation that tumor cells exhibit high levels of aerobic glycolysis has been
corroborated, the role of mitochondria in tumor cells has been contentious.
While multiple investigators have demonstrated that mitochondria are indeed
functional in most tumor cells, some argue that decreases in mitochondrialmetabolism and
respiratory rate are essential for tumor cell proliferation. However, the
only tumor cells shown to exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction are those that have
mutations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase or
fumarate hydratase. Furthermore, oncogene activation increases mitochondrial
metabolism, correlating with metastatic potential.
Hybrid compounds offer attractive opportunities
to combine useful properties of both organic and inorganic simples within a
single molecular scale composite. On the one hand, these salts offer, scientifically
and technologically significant chances in different areas of catalysis,
optical properties, biology, magnetic functional materials. On the other hand,they may contribute to higher electrical mobility (as a result of the strongcovalent bonding within these systems). Halogenometalate hybrid compounds based
on elements of transition (II) ions prove to have a significant weight to
fabricate low-cost electronic devices (as Thin Film Transistor or Organice-
Inorganic Emitting Diode).
Among the most frequently used of polydentate
ligands which have the ability with bond to several metal centers, dipicolinic
acid (C7H5NO4, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) is a well-known that occurs in
many natural compounds exhibiting various biological functions and potential
pharmacological activities. 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic The ligand containing N
and O polydentate donors, which pave the way provide great advantages for
assembling compounds with new structures. The dipicolinic acid ‘dpc’ ligandwith Zn (II) ions has commonly 1 or 2 coordination modes. In one coordination
mode, a single planar dpc ligand associates in the equatorial plane of a Zn
(II) cation with other ligands such as H2O or pyridine-based heterocycles,
which occupy the remaining sites. This leads to the formation of square
pyramidal or octahedral coordination geometry or two perpendicularly
coordinated planar dipicolinic molecules generating distorted octahedral
coordination geometry.
Electronics
based on π-conjugated organic polymers and molecules have been extensively
explored during the last years. The significant interest in the development of
organic electronics results in part from the fact that this technology offers
new or improved electroactive and opto-electronic features as compared to the
inorganic counterparts. The organic electronic materials may be flexible andcan be also fabricated using printing devices. Other characteristics that make
organic electronic materials promising as the active material in bioelectronics
include:
Functionality
which can easily be defined at the materials level, giving that chemical
biosignals can be translated into electronics signatures or signals within the
material itself.In the thin-layer state organic electronic materials are often
transparent, which permits optical transmission imaging and use of various
microscopy-based techniques when analyzing biological specimens interacting
with the tool.Organic electronic materials are soft and can be (self-)organized to mimic biological structures.Organic conjugated materials conduct
electrons as well as ions.Organic conjugated materials can be equipped with
(bio-) molecular side-groups to promote cell viability.
