Quality Evaluation of Diclofenac Formulations Manufactured in DR Congo

Diclofenac sodium, the first phenylacetic acid derivative developed as an anti-inflammatory agent, is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase extensively used for its analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities. It is a potentnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, extensively used for the treatment ofactive rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, non-articular rheumatism and sport injuries. DS is one of the most consumed drugs by the population in DR Congo. 

The literature reports few studies on the effect of humidity and temperature on the stability of DS.The purpose of this study was to evaluate thequality of three generics of 50 mg DS tablets manufactured in DR Congo in comparison to the original formulation Voltarène® from Novartis Pharma. Drug content and drug release were determined at the time of their collection and at 3 and 6 months during their storage under the accelerated-aging conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH) recommended by the WHO for climatic zone IVB (40°C/75% RH)

Combination of ESI and MALDI-MS Imaging Enhances Analysis on Brain Gangliosides

Recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) have led to the direct analysis of tissue slices. The major advantage of MSI is its capability of simultaneously localizing and identifying a parent molecule and its metabolites without any labeling or any prior knowledge. MSI has been extensively employed to detect the differentiated pattern of lipids in various organs in different diseases, such as brains in Alzheimer’s disease. Poor reproducibility of MALDIMSI analysis due to the heterogeneity of the matrix-analyte crystals, hindersits use on quantitative analysis. In addition, discontinuous ion flow due to quickly consumption of the samples under laser irradiation on specific site affects its ability in qualitative analysis. Although electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) cannot directly be used for imaging, ESI tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) can separate and distinguish gangliosides.

Zhang et al. have presented a promising workflow for qualitative, semi-quantitative and in situ analysis of gangliosides by combiningthe MALDI MSI and ESI-MS. Following obtaining the brain from the mice, fresh-frozen murine brain sections were prepared and coated with matrix for subsequent MALDI MSI analysis.

Combination of ESI and MALDI-MS Imaging Enhances Analysis on Brain Gangliosides

Recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) have led to the direct analysis of tissue slices. The major advantage of MSI is its capability of simultaneously localizing and identifying a parent molecule and its metabolites without any labeling or any prior knowledge. MSI has been extensively employed to detect the differentiated pattern of lipids in various organs in different diseases, such as brains in Alzheimer’s disease. Poor reproducibility of MALDIMSI analysis due to the heterogeneity of the matrix-analyte crystals, hindersits use on quantitative analysis. In addition, discontinuous ion flow due to quickly consumption of the samples under laser irradiation on specific site affects its ability in qualitative analysis. Although electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) cannot directly be used for imaging, ESI tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) can separate and distinguish gangliosides.

Zhang et al. have presented a promising workflow for qualitative, semi-quantitative and in situ analysis of gangliosides bycombining the MALDI MSI and ESI-MS. Following obtaining the brain from the mice, fresh-frozen murine brain sections were prepared and coated with matrix for subsequent MALDI MSI analysis.

       

Diesel Fuel from Plastic Waste

The developing of alternative fuel has been investigated in the past decade due to the fast depletion of fossil fuels. The aim of these technologies is to recover energyfrom waste materials, including materials that are not biodegradable, such as biomass, municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes and as high energy density materials such as rubber and plastics.

Plastic are non-degradable polymers which contain carbon, hydrogen and others elements (chlorine, nitrogen, etc.). Due to its non biodegradable nature, this compound contributes significantly to the problem of waste management.

There are different environmentally friendly ways of recycling plastic waste compared with incineration and disposal in landfills. ASTM D7209-06 indicates that theplastics can be recycled using four types of methods according to the finalresult, one of them being the chemical recycling. In this method, chemical degradation leads to production of liquid fuels and chemicals with high added value from waste plastic fragments or segregated. One of this method is pyrolysis.

Electrochemical Biosensors; A Promising Tool in Pharmaceutical Analysis

In analytical chemistry, the main challenges are concerned with rapid and simultaneous detection of compounds occurred in clinical, environmental and food samples. Due to this reason biosensors are called as promising tools which can be used for detecting many chemical and biological parameters. It consists of a bio component used in the molecular recognition and a transducer, electronic signal processor. The main principle of biochemical sensors is the specific molecular recognition of the analyte which can be performed by the use of enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, germs, cells and tissues. In this reaction, some physiochemical changes may takes place between the bio component and the analyte, which is converted into electrical signal with the transducer. 

Researchers have studied that these biosensors are divided into three types such as amperometric and potentiometric, conductive. In electrochemical biosensor the transducer act as an electrode and the transduction is mostly realized by means of amperometry or potentiometry. According to scientific significance the two primary classes of electrochemical biosensors are the chemical and DNA biosensors.